RFC 9646: Conveying a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) in a Secure Zero-Touch Provisioning (SZTP) Bootstrapping Request

RFC 9646	Conveying a CSR in an SZTP Request	October 2024
Watsen, et al.	Standards Track	[Page]

Abstract

This document extends the input to the "get-bootstrapping-data" RPC defined in RFC 8572 to include an optional certificate signing request (CSR), enabling a bootstrapping device to additionally obtain an identity certificate (e.g., a Local Device Identifier (LDevID) from IEEE 802.1AR) as part of the "onboarding information" response provided in the RPC-reply.¶

2. The "ietf-sztp-csr" Module

The "ietf-sztp-csr" module is a YANG 1.1 [RFC7950] module that augments the "ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server" module defined in [RFC8572] and defines a YANG "structure" that is to be conveyed in the "error-info" node defined in Section 7.1 of [RFC8040].¶

2.1. Data Model Overview

The following tree diagram [RFC8340] illustrates the "ietf-sztp-csr" module.¶

module: ietf-sztp-csr

  augment /sztp-svr:get-bootstrapping-data/sztp-svr:input:
    +---w (msg-type)?
       +--:(csr-support)
       |  +---w csr-support
       |     +---w key-generation!
       |     |  +---w supported-algorithms
       |     |     +---w algorithm-identifier*   binary
       |     +---w csr-generation
       |        +---w supported-formats
       |           +---w format-identifier*   identityref
       +--:(csr)
          +---w (csr-type)
             +--:(p10-csr)
             |  +---w p10-csr?   ct:csr
             +--:(cmc-csr)
             |  +---w cmc-csr?   binary
             +--:(cmp-csr)
                +---w cmp-csr?   binary

  structure csr-request:
    +-- key-generation!
    |  +-- selected-algorithm
    |     +-- algorithm-identifier    binary
    +-- csr-generation
    |  +-- selected-format
    |     +-- format-identifier    identityref
    +-- cert-req-info?    ct:csr-info

The augmentation defines two kinds of parameters that an SZTP-client can send to an SZTP-server. The YANG structure defines one collection of parameters that an SZTP-server can send to an SZTP-client.¶

In the order of their intended use:¶

The SZTP-client sends a "csr-support" node, encoded in a first "get-bootstrapping-data" request to the SZTP-server, to indicate that it supports the ability to generate CSRs. This input parameter conveys if the SZTP-client is able to generate a new asymmetric key and, if so, which key algorithms it supports, as well as what kinds of CSR structures the SZTP-client is able to generate.¶
The SZTP-server responds with an error, containing the "csr-request" structure, to request the SZTP-client to generate a CSR. This structure is used to select the key algorithm the SZTP-client should use to generate a new asymmetric key (if supported), the kind of CSR structure the SZTP-client should generate, and optionally the content for the CSR itself.¶
The SZTP-client sends one of the "*-csr" nodes, encoded in a second "get-bootstrapping-data" request to the SZTP-server. This node encodes the server-requested CSR.¶
The SZTP-server responds with onboarding information to communicate the signed certificate to the SZTP-client. How to do this is discussed in Section 2.2.¶

To further illustrate how the augmentation and structure defined by the "ietf-sztp-csr" module are used, below are two additional tree diagrams showing these nodes placed where they are used.¶

The following tree diagram [RFC8340] illustrates SZTP's "get-bootstrapping-data" RPC with the augmentation in place.¶

=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

module: ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server

  rpcs:
    +---x get-bootstrapping-data
       +---w input
       |  +---w signed-data-preferred?          empty
       |  +---w hw-model?                       string
       |  +---w os-name?                        string
       |  +---w os-version?                     string
       |  +---w nonce?                          binary
       |  +---w (sztp-csr:msg-type)?
       |     +--:(sztp-csr:csr-support)
       |     |  +---w sztp-csr:csr-support
       |     |     +---w sztp-csr:key-generation!
       |     |     |  +---w sztp-csr:supported-algorithms
       |     |     |     +---w sztp-csr:algorithm-identifier*   bina\
ry
       |     |     +---w sztp-csr:csr-generation
       |     |        +---w sztp-csr:supported-formats
       |     |           +---w sztp-csr:format-identifier*   identit\
yref
       |     +--:(sztp-csr:csr)
       |        +---w (sztp-csr:csr-type)
       |           +--:(sztp-csr:p10-csr)
       |           |  +---w sztp-csr:p10-csr?   ct:csr
       |           +--:(sztp-csr:cmc-csr)
       |           |  +---w sztp-csr:cmc-csr?   binary
       |           +--:(sztp-csr:cmp-csr)
       |              +---w sztp-csr:cmp-csr?   binary
       +--ro output
          +--ro reporting-level?    enumeration {onboarding-server}?
          +--ro conveyed-information    cms
          +--ro owner-certificate?      cms
          +--ro ownership-voucher?      cms

The following tree diagram [RFC8340] illustrates RESTCONF's "errors" RPC-reply message with the "csr-request" structure in place.¶

module: ietf-restconf
  +--ro errors
     +--ro error* []
        +--ro error-type       enumeration
        +--ro error-tag        string
        +--ro error-app-tag?   string
        +--ro error-path?      instance-identifier
        +--ro error-message?   string
        +--ro error-info
           +--ro sztp-csr:csr-request
              +--ro sztp-csr:key-generation!
              |  +--ro sztp-csr:selected-algorithm
              |     +--ro sztp-csr:algorithm-identifier    binary
              +--ro sztp-csr:csr-generation
              |  +--ro sztp-csr:selected-format
              |     +--ro sztp-csr:format-identifier    identityref
              +--ro sztp-csr:cert-req-info?    ct:csr-info

2.2. Example Usage

An SZTP-client implementing this specification would signal to the bootstrap server its willingness to generate a CSR by including the "csr-support" node in its "get-bootstrapping-data" RPC. In the example below, the SZTP-client additionally indicates that it is able to generate keys and provides a list of key algorithms it supports, as well as provide a list of certificate formats it supports.¶

REQUEST¶

=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

POST /restconf/operations/ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server:get-bootstrappi\
ng-data HTTP/1.1
HOST: example.com
Content-Type: application/yang-data+json

{
  "ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server:input" : {
    "hw-model": "model-x",
    "os-name": "vendor-os",
    "os-version": "17.3R2.1",
    "nonce": "extralongbase64encodedvalue=",
    "ietf-sztp-csr:csr-support": {
      "key-generation": {
        "supported-algorithms": {
          "algorithm-identifier": [
            "BASE64VALUE1",
            "BASE64VALUE2",
            "BASE64VALUE3"
          ]
        }
      },
      "csr-generation": {
        "supported-formats": {
          "format-identifier": [
            "ietf-ztp-types:p10-csr",
            "ietf-ztp-types:cmc-csr",
            "ietf-ztp-types:cmp-csr"
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Assuming the SZTP-server wishes to prompt the SZTP-client to provide a CSR, then it would respond with an HTTP 400 Bad Request error code. In the example below, the SZTP-server specifies that it wishes the SZTP-client to generate a key using a specific algorithm and generate a PKCS#10-based CSR containing specific content.¶

RESPONSE¶

HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
Date: Sat, 31 Oct 2021 17:02:40 GMT
Server: example-server
Content-Type: application/yang-data+json

{
  "ietf-restconf:errors" : {
    "error" : [
      {
        "error-type": "application",
        "error-tag": "missing-attribute",
        "error-message": "Missing input parameter",
        "error-info": {
          "ietf-sztp-csr:csr-request": {
            "key-generation": {
              "selected-algorithm": {
                "algorithm-identifier": "BASE64VALUE="
              }
            },
            "csr-generation": {
              "selected-format": {
                "format-identifier": "ietf-ztp-types:p10-csr"
              }
            },
            "cert-req-info": "BASE64VALUE="
          }
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

Upon being prompted to provide a CSR, the SZTP-client would POST another "get-bootstrapping-data" request but this time including one of the "csr" nodes to convey its CSR to the SZTP-server:¶

REQUEST¶

=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

POST /restconf/operations/ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server:get-bootstrappi\
ng-data HTTP/1.1
HOST: example.com
Content-Type: application/yang-data+json

{
  "ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server:input" : {
    "hw-model": "model-x",
    "os-name": "vendor-os",
    "os-version": "17.3R2.1",
    "nonce": "extralongbase64encodedvalue=",
    "ietf-sztp-csr:p10-csr": "BASE64VALUE="
  }
}

At this point, it is expected that the SZTP-server, perhaps in conjunction with other systems, such as a backend CA or registration authority (RA), will validate the CSR's origin and proof-of-possession and, assuming the CSR is approved, issue a signed certificate for the bootstrapping device.¶

The SZTP-server responds with conveyed information (the "conveyed-information" node shown below) that encodes "onboarding-information" (inside the base64 value) containing a signed identity certificate for the CSR provided by the SZTP-client:¶

RESPONSE¶

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sat, 31 Oct 2021 17:02:40 GMT
Server: example-server
Content-Type: application/yang-data+json

{
  "ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server:output" : {
    "reporting-level": "verbose",
    "conveyed-information": "BASE64VALUE="
  }
}

How the signed certificate is conveyed inside the onboarding information is outside the scope of this document. Some implementations may choose to convey it inside a script (e.g., SZTP's "pre-configuration-script"), while other implementations may choose to convey it inside the SZTP "configuration" node. SZTP onboarding information is described in Section 2.2 of [RFC8572].¶

Below are two examples of conveying the signed certificate inside the "configuration" node. Both examples assume that the SZTP-client understands the "ietf-keystore" module defined in [RFC9642].¶

This first example illustrates the case where the signed certificate is for the same asymmetric key used by the SZTP-client's manufacturer-generated identity certificate (e.g., an Initial Device Identifier (IDevID) from [Std-802.1AR-2018]). As such, the configuration needs to associate the newly signed certificate with the existing asymmetric key:¶

=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "ietf-keystore:keystore": {
    "asymmetric-keys": {
      "asymmetric-key": [
        {
          "name": "Manufacturer-Generated Hidden Key",
          "public-key-format": "ietf-crypto-types:subject-public-key\
-info-format",
          "public-key": "BASE64VALUE=",
          "hidden-private-key": [null],
          "certificates": {
            "certificate": [
              {
                "name": "Manufacturer-Generated IDevID Cert",
                "cert-data": "BASE64VALUE="
              },
              {
                "name": "Newly-Generated LDevID Cert",
                "cert-data": "BASE64VALUE="
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

This second example illustrates the case where the signed certificate is for a newly generated asymmetric key. As such, the configuration needs to associate the newly signed certificate with the newly generated asymmetric key:¶

=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "ietf-keystore:keystore": {
    "asymmetric-keys": {
      "asymmetric-key": [
        {
          "name": "Manufacturer-Generated Hidden Key",
          "public-key-format": "ietf-crypto-types:subject-public-key\
-info-format",
          "public-key": "BASE64VALUE=",
          "hidden-private-key": [null],
          "certificates": {
            "certificate": [
              {
                "name": "Manufacturer-Generated IDevID Cert",
                "cert-data": "BASE64VALUE="
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "Newly-Generated Hidden Key",
          "public-key-format": "ietf-crypto-types:subject-public-key\
-info-format",
          "public-key": "BASE64VALUE=",
          "hidden-private-key": [null],
          "certificates": {
            "certificate": [
              {
                "name": "Newly-Generated LDevID Cert",
                "cert-data": "BASE64VALUE="
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

In addition to configuring the signed certificate, it is often necessary to also configure the issuer's signing certificate so that the device (i.e., STZP-client) can authenticate certificates presented by peer devices signed by the same issuer as its own. While outside the scope of this document, one way to do this would be to use the "ietf-truststore" module defined in [RFC9641].¶

2.3. YANG Module

This module augments an RPC defined in [RFC8572]. The module uses data types and groupings defined in [RFC8572], [RFC8791], and [RFC9640]. The module also has an informative reference to [Std-802.1AR-2018].¶

<CODE BEGINS> file "[email protected]"

module ietf-sztp-csr {
  yang-version 1.1;
  namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-sztp-csr";
  prefix sztp-csr;

  import ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server {
    prefix sztp-svr;
    reference
      "RFC 8572: Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)";
  }

  import ietf-yang-structure-ext {
    prefix sx;
    reference
      "RFC 8791: YANG Data Structure Extensions";
  }

  import ietf-ztp-types {
    prefix zt;
    reference
      "RFC 9646: Conveying a Certificate Signing Request (CSR)
                 in a Secure Zero-Touch Provisioning (SZTP)
                 Bootstrapping Request";
  }

  organization
    "IETF NETCONF (Network Configuration) Working Group";

  contact
    "WG Web:   https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/netconf
     WG List:  NETCONF WG list <mailto:[email protected]>
     Authors:  Kent Watsen <mailto:[email protected]>
               Russ Housley <mailto:[email protected]>
               Sean Turner <mailto:[email protected]>";

  description
    "This module augments the 'get-bootstrapping-data' RPC,
     defined in the 'ietf-sztp-bootstrap-server' module from
     SZTP (RFC 8572), enabling the SZTP-client to obtain a
     signed identity certificate (e.g., an LDevID from IEEE
     802.1AR) as part of the SZTP onboarding information
     response.

     The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL',
     'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED',
     'NOT RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this
     document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14
     (RFC 2119) (RFC 8174) when, and only when, they appear
     in all capitals, as shown here.

     Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
     authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
     without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to
     the license terms contained in, the Revised BSD License set
     forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
     Relating to IETF Documents
     (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

     This version of this YANG module is part of RFC 9646
     (https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9646); see the
     RFC itself for full legal notices.";

  revision 2024-10-10 {
    description
      "Initial version.";
    reference
      "RFC 9646: Conveying a Certificate Signing Request (CSR)
                 in a Secure Zero-Touch Provisioning (SZTP)
                 Bootstrapping Request";
  }

  // Protocol-accessible nodes

  augment "/sztp-svr:get-bootstrapping-data/sztp-svr:input" {
    description
      "This augmentation adds the 'csr-support' and 'csr' nodes to
       the SZTP (RFC 8572) 'get-bootstrapping-data' request message,
       enabling the SZTP-client to obtain an identity certificate
       (e.g., an LDevID from IEEE 802.1AR) as part of the onboarding
       information response provided by the SZTP-server.

       The 'csr-support' node enables the SZTP-client to indicate
       that it supports generating certificate signing requests
       (CSRs) and to provide details around the CSRs it is able
       to generate.

       The 'csr' node enables the SZTP-client to relay a CSR to
       the SZTP-server.";
    reference
      "IEEE 802.1AR: IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan
                     Area Networks - Secure Device Identity
       RFC 8572: Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)";
    choice msg-type {
      description
        "Messages are mutually exclusive.";
      case csr-support {
        description
          "Indicates how the SZTP-client supports generating CSRs.

           If present and a SZTP-server wishes to request the
           SZTP-client generate a CSR, the SZTP-server MUST
           respond with an HTTP 400 Bad Request error code with an
           'ietf-restconf:errors' message having the 'error-tag'
           value 'missing-attribute' and the 'error-info' node
           containing the 'csr-request' structure described
           in this module.";
        uses zt:csr-support-grouping;
      }
      case csr {
        description
          "Provides the CSR generated by the SZTP-client.

           When present, the SZTP-server SHOULD respond with
           an SZTP onboarding information message containing
           a signed certificate for the conveyed CSR.  The
           SZTP-server MAY alternatively respond with another
           HTTP error containing another 'csr-request'; in
           which case, the SZTP-client MUST delete any key
           generated for the previously generated CSR.";
        uses zt:csr-grouping;
      }
    }
  }

  sx:structure csr-request {
    description
      "A YANG data structure, per RFC 8791, that specifies
       details for the CSR that the ZTP-client is to generate.";
    reference
      "RFC 8791: YANG Data Structure Extensions";
    uses zt:csr-request-grouping;
  }

}

<CODE ENDS>

3. The "ietf-ztp-types" Module

This section defines a YANG 1.1 [RFC7950] module that defines three YANG groupings, one for each message sent between a ZTP-client and ZTP-server. This module is defined independently of the "ietf-sztp-csr" module so that its groupings may be used by bootstrapping protocols other than SZTP [RFC8572].¶

3.1. Data Model Overview

The following tree diagram [RFC8340] illustrates the three groupings defined in the "ietf-ztp-types" module.¶

module: ietf-ztp-types

  grouping csr-support-grouping
    +-- csr-support
       +-- key-generation!
       |  +-- supported-algorithms
       |     +-- algorithm-identifier*   binary
       +-- csr-generation
          +-- supported-formats
             +-- format-identifier*   identityref
  grouping csr-request-grouping
    +-- key-generation!
    |  +-- selected-algorithm
    |     +-- algorithm-identifier    binary
    +-- csr-generation
    |  +-- selected-format
    |     +-- format-identifier    identityref
    +-- cert-req-info?    ct:csr-info
  grouping csr-grouping
    +-- (csr-type)
       +--:(p10-csr)
       |  +-- p10-csr?   ct:csr
       +--:(cmc-csr)
       |  +-- cmc-csr?   binary
       +--:(cmp-csr)
          +-- cmp-csr?   binary

3.2. YANG Module

This module uses data types and groupings defined in [RFC8791] and [RFC9640]. The module has additional normative references to [RFC2986], [RFC4210], [RFC5272], and [ITU.X690.2021] and an informative reference to [Std-802.1AR-2018].¶

<CODE BEGINS> file "[email protected]"

module ietf-ztp-types {
  yang-version 1.1;
  namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-ztp-types";
  prefix zt;

  import ietf-crypto-types {
    prefix ct;
    reference
      "RFC 9640: YANG Data Types and Groupings for Cryptography";
  }

  organization
    "IETF NETCONF (Network Configuration) Working Group";

  contact
    "WG Web:   https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/netconf
     WG List:  NETCONF WG list <mailto:[email protected]>
     Authors:  Kent Watsen <mailto:[email protected]>
               Russ Housley <mailto:[email protected]>
               Sean Turner <mailto:[email protected]>";

  description
    "This module defines three groupings that enable
     bootstrapping devices to 1) indicate if and how they
     support generating CSRs, 2) obtain a request to
     generate a CSR, and 3) communicate the requested CSR.

     The key words 'MUST', 'MUST NOT', 'REQUIRED', 'SHALL',
     'SHALL NOT', 'SHOULD', 'SHOULD NOT', 'RECOMMENDED',
     'NOT RECOMMENDED', 'MAY', and 'OPTIONAL' in this
     document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14
     (RFC 2119) (RFC 8174) when, and only when, they appear
     in all capitals, as shown here.

     Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
     authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

     Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
     without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to
     the license terms contained in, the Revised BSD License set
     forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
     Relating to IETF Documents
     (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

     This version of this YANG module is part of RFC 9646
     (https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9646); see the
     RFC itself for full legal notices.";

  revision 2024-10-10 {
    description
      "Initial version.";
    reference
      "RFC 9646: Conveying a Certificate Signing Request (CSR)
                 in a Secure Zero-Touch Provisioning (SZTP)
                 Bootstrapping Request";
  }

  identity certificate-request-format {
    description
      "A base identity for the request formats supported
       by the ZTP-client.

       Additional derived identities MAY be defined by
       future efforts.";
  }

  identity p10-csr {
    base certificate-request-format;
    description
      "Indicates that the ZTP-client supports generating
       requests using the 'CertificationRequest' structure
       defined in RFC 2986.";
    reference
      "RFC 2986: PKCS #10: Certification Request Syntax
                 Specification Version 1.7";
  }

  identity cmp-csr {
    base certificate-request-format;
    description
      "Indicates that the ZTP-client supports generating
       requests using a profiled version of the PKIMessage
       that MUST contain a PKIHeader followed by a PKIBody
       containing only the ir, cr, kur, or p10cr structures
       defined in RFC 4210.";
    reference
      "RFC 4210: Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
                 Certificate Management Protocol (CMP)";
  }

  identity cmc-csr {
    base certificate-request-format;
    description
      "Indicates that the ZTP-client supports generating
       requests using a profiled version of the 'Full
       PKI Request' structure defined in RFC 5272.";
    reference
      "RFC 5272: Certificate Management over CMS (CMC)";
  }

  // Protocol-accessible nodes

  grouping csr-support-grouping {
    description
      "A grouping enabling use by other efforts.";
    container csr-support {
      description
        "Enables a ZTP-client to indicate that it supports
         generating certificate signing requests (CSRs) and
         provides details about the CSRs it is able to
         generate.";
      container key-generation {
        presence "Indicates that the ZTP-client is capable of
                  generating a new asymmetric key pair.

                  If this node is not present, the ZTP-server MAY
                  request a CSR using the asymmetric key associated
                  with the device's existing identity certificate
                  (e.g., an IDevID from IEEE 802.1AR).";
        description
          "Specifies details for the ZTP-client's ability to
           generate a new asymmetric key pair.";
        container supported-algorithms {
          description
            "A list of public key algorithms supported by the
             ZTP-client for generating a new asymmetric key.";
          leaf-list algorithm-identifier {
            type binary;
            min-elements 1;
            description
              "An AlgorithmIdentifier, as defined in RFC 2986,
               encoded using ASN.1 Distinguished Encoding Rules
               (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690.";
            reference
              "RFC 2986: PKCS #10: Certification Request Syntax
                         Specification Version 1.7
               ITU-T X.690:
                 Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
                 Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
                 Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
                 Encoding Rules (DER)";
          }
        }
      }
      container csr-generation {
        description
          "Specifies details for the ZTP-client's ability to
           generate certificate signing requests.";
        container supported-formats {
          description
            "A list of certificate request formats supported
             by the ZTP-client for generating a new key.";
          leaf-list format-identifier {
            type identityref {
              base zt:certificate-request-format;
            }
            min-elements 1;
            description
              "A certificate request format supported by the
               ZTP-client.";
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  grouping csr-request-grouping {
    description
      "A grouping enabling use by other efforts.";
    container key-generation {
      presence "Provided by a ZTP-server to indicate that it wishes
                the ZTP-client to generate a new asymmetric key.

                This statement is present so the mandatory
                descendant nodes do not imply that this node must
                be configured.";
      description
        "The key generation parameters selected by the ZTP-server.

         This leaf MUST only appear if the ZTP-client's
         'csr-support' included the 'key-generation' node.";
      container selected-algorithm {
        description
          "The key algorithm selected by the ZTP-server.  The
           algorithm MUST be one of the algorithms specified by
           the 'supported-algorithms' node in the ZTP-client's
           message containing the 'csr-support' structure.";
        leaf algorithm-identifier {
          type binary;
          mandatory true;
          description
            "An AlgorithmIdentifier, as defined in RFC 2986,
             encoded using ASN.1 Distinguished Encoding Rules
             (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690.";
          reference
            "RFC 2986: PKCS #10: Certification Request Syntax
                       Specification Version 1.7
             ITU-T X.690:
               Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
               Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
               Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
               Encoding Rules (DER)";
        }
      }
    }
    container csr-generation {
      description
        "Specifies details for the CSR that the ZTP-client
         is to generate.";
      container selected-format {
        description
          "The CSR format selected by the ZTP-server.  The
           format MUST be one of the formats specified by
           the 'supported-formats' node in the ZTP-client's
           request message.";
        leaf format-identifier {
          type identityref {
            base zt:certificate-request-format;
          }
          mandatory true;
          description
            "A certificate request format to be used by the
             ZTP-client.";
        }
      }
    }
    leaf cert-req-info {
      type ct:csr-info;
      description
        "A CertificationRequestInfo structure, as defined in
         RFC 2986, and modeled via a 'typedef' statement by
         RFC 9640.

         Enables the ZTP-server to provide a fully populated
         CertificationRequestInfo structure that the ZTP-client
         only needs to sign in order to generate the complete
         'CertificationRequest' structure to send to the ZTP-server
         in its next 'get-bootstrapping-data' request message.

         When provided, the ZTP-client MUST use this structure
         to generate its CSR; failure to do so will result in a
         400 Bad Request response containing another 'csr-request'
         structure.

         When not provided, the ZTP-client SHOULD generate a CSR
         using the same structure defined in its existing identity
         certificate (e.g., an IDevID from IEEE 802.1AR).

         If the 'AlgorithmIdentifier' field contained inside the
         certificate 'SubjectPublicKeyInfo' field does not match
         the algorithm identified by the 'selected-algorithm' node,
         then the client MUST reject the certificate and raise an
         error.";

      reference
        "RFC 2986:
           PKCS #10: Certification Request Syntax Specification
           Version 1.7
         RFC 9640:
           YANG Data Types and Groupings for Cryptography";
    }
  }

  grouping csr-grouping {
    description
      "Enables a ZTP-client to convey a certificate signing
       request, using the encoding format selected by a
       ZTP-server's 'csr-request' response to the ZTP-client's
       previously sent request containing the 'csr-support'
       node.";
    choice csr-type {
      mandatory true;
      description
        "A choice amongst certificate signing request formats.

         Additional formats MAY be augmented into this 'choice'
         statement by future efforts.";
      case p10-csr {
        leaf p10-csr {
          type ct:p10-csr;
          description
            "A CertificationRequest structure, per RFC 2986.
             Encoding details are defined in the 'ct:csr'
             typedef defined in RFC 9640.

             A raw P10 does not support origin authentication in
             the CSR structure.  External origin authentication
             may be provided via the ZTP-client's authentication
             to the ZTP-server at the transport layer (e.g., TLS).";
          reference
            "RFC 2986: PKCS #10: Certification Request Syntax
                       Specification Version 1.7
             RFC 9640: YANG Data Types and Groupings for
                       Cryptography";
        }
      }
      case cmc-csr {
        leaf cmc-csr {
          type binary;
          description
            "A profiled version of the 'Full PKI Request'
             message defined in RFC 5272, encoded using ASN.1
             Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER), as specified
             in ITU-T X.690.

             For asymmetric-key-based origin authentication of a
             CSR based on the initial device identity certificate's
             private key for the associated identity certificate's
             public key, the PKIData contains one reqSequence
             element and no cmsSequence or otherMsgSequence
             elements.  The reqSequence is the TaggedRequest,
             and it is the tcr CHOICE branch.  The tcr is the
             TaggedCertificationRequest, and it is the bodyPartID
             and the certificateRequest elements.  The
             certificateRequest is signed with the initial device
             identity certificate's private key.  The initial device
             identity certificate, and optionally its certificate
             chain is included in the SignedData certificates that
             encapsulate the PKIData.

             For asymmetric-key-based origin authentication based on
             the initial device identity certificate's private key
             that signs the encapsulated CSR signed by the local
             device identity certificate's private key, the
             PKIData contains one cmsSequence element and no
             reqSequence or otherMsgSequence
             elements.  The cmsSequence is the TaggedContentInfo,
             and it includes a bodyPartID element and a contentInfo.
             The contentInfo is a SignedData encapsulating a PKIData
             with one reqSequence element and no cmsSequence or
             otherMsgSequence elements.  The reqSequence is the
             TaggedRequest, and it is the tcr CHOICE.  The tcr is the
             TaggedCertificationRequest, and it is the bodyPartID and
             the certificateRequest elements.  PKIData contains one
             cmsSequence element and no controlSequence, reqSequence,
             or otherMsgSequence elements.  The certificateRequest
             is signed with the local device identity certificate's
             private key.  The initial device identity certificate
             and optionally its certificate chain is included in
             the SignedData certificates that encapsulate the
             PKIData.

             For shared-secret-based origin authentication of a
             CSR signed by the local device identity certificate's
             private key, the PKIData contains one cmsSequence
             element and no reqSequence or otherMsgSequence
             elements.  The cmsSequence is the TaggedContentInfo,
             and it includes a bodyPartID element and a contentInfo.
             The contentInfo is an AuthenticatedData encapsulating
             a PKIData with one reqSequence element and no
             cmsSequences or otherMsgSequence elements.  The
             reqSequence is the TaggedRequest, and it is the tcr
             CHOICE.  The tcr is the TaggedCertificationRequest,
             and it is the bodyPartID and the certificateRequest
             elements.  The certificateRequest is signed with the
             local device identity certificate's private key.  The
             initial device identity certificate and optionally its
             certificate chain is included in the SignedData
             certificates that encapsulate the PKIData.";
          reference
            "RFC 5272: Certificate Management over CMS (CMC)
             ITU-T X.690:
               Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
               Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
               Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
               Encoding Rules (DER)";
        }
      }
      case cmp-csr {
        leaf cmp-csr {
          type binary;
          description
            "A PKIMessage structure, as defined in RFC 4210,
             encoded using ASN.1 Distinguished Encoding Rules
             (DER), as specified in ITU-T X.690.

             For asymmetric-key-based origin authentication of a
             CSR based on the initial device identity certificate's
             private key for the associated initial device identity
             certificate's public key, PKIMessages contain one
             PKIMessage with the header and body elements, do not
             contain a protection element, and SHOULD contain the
             extraCerts element.  The header element contains the
             pvno, sender, and recipient elements.  The pvno contains
             cmp2000, and the sender contains the subject of the
             initial device identity certificate. The body element
             contains an ir, cr, kur, or p10cr CHOICE of type
             CertificationRequest.  It is signed with the initial
             device identity certificate's private key.  The
             extraCerts element contains the initial device identity
             certificate, optionally followed by its certificate
             chain excluding the trust anchor.

             For asymmetric-key-based origin authentication based
             on the initial device identity certificate's private
             key that signs the encapsulated CSR signed by the local
             device identity certificate's private key, PKIMessages
             contain one PKIMessage with the header, body, and
             protection elements and SHOULD contain the extraCerts
             element.  The header element contains the pvno, sender,
             recipient, protectionAlg, and optionally senderKID
             elements.  The pvno contains cmp2000, the sender
             contains the subject of the initial device identity
             certificate, the protectionAlg contains the
             AlgorithmIdentifier of the used signature algorithm,
             and the senderKID contains the subject key identifier
             of the initial device identity certificate. The body
             element contains an ir, cr, kur, or p10cr CHOICE of
             type CertificationRequest.  It is signed with the local
             device identity certificate's private key.  The
             protection element contains the digital signature
             generated with the initial device identity
             certificate's private key.  The extraCerts element
             contains the initial device identity certificate,
             optionally followed by its certificate chain excluding
             the trust anchor.

             For shared-secret-based origin authentication of a
             CSR signed by the local device identity certificate's
             private key, PKIMessages contain one PKIMessage with
             the header, body, and protection element and no
             extraCerts element.  The header element contains the
             pvno, sender, recipient, protectionAlg, and senderKID
             elements.  The pvno contains cmp2000, the protectionAlg
             contains the AlgorithmIdentifier of the used Message
             Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm, and the senderKID
             contains a reference the recipient can use to identify
             the shared secret.  The body element contains an ir, cr,
             kur, or p10cr CHOICE of type CertificationRequest.  It
             is signed with the local device identity certificate's
             private key.  The protection element contains the MAC
             value generated with the shared secret.";
          reference
            "RFC 4210:
               Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
               Certificate Management Protocol (CMP)
             ITU-T X.690:
               Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules:
               Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
               Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
               Encoding Rules (DER)";
        }
      }
    }
  }

}

<CODE ENDS>

4. Security Considerations

This document builds on top of the solution presented in [RFC8572], and therefore all the security considerations discussed in [RFC8572] apply here as well.¶

For the various CSR formats, when using PKCS#10, the security considerations in [RFC2986] apply; when using CMP, the security considerations in [RFC4210] apply; and when using CMC, the security considerations in [RFC5272] apply.¶

For the various authentication mechanisms, when using TLS-level authentication, the security considerations in [RFC8446] apply, and when using HTTP-level authentication, the security considerations in [RFC9110] apply.¶

4.1. SZTP-Client Considerations

4.1.1. Ensuring the Integrity of Asymmetric Private Keys

The private key the SZTP-client uses for the dynamically generated identity certificate MUST be protected from inadvertent disclosure in order to prevent identity fraud.¶

The security of this private key is essential in order to ensure the associated identity certificate can be used to authenticate the device it is issued to.¶

It is RECOMMENDED that devices are manufactured with a hardware security module (HSM), such as a trusted platform module (TPM), to generate and contain the private key within the security perimeter of the HSM. In such cases, the private key and its associated certificates MAY have long validity periods.¶

In cases where the SZTP-client does not possess an HSM or is unable to use an HSM to protect the private key, it is RECOMMENDED to periodically reset the private key (and associated identity certificates) in order to minimize the lifetime of unprotected private keys. For instance, a Network Management System (NMS) controller/orchestrator application could periodically prompt the SZTP-client to generate a new private key and provide a certificate signing request (CSR) or, alternatively, push both the key and an identity certificate to the SZTP-client using, e.g., a PKCS#12 message [RFC7292]. In another example, the SZTP-client could be configured to periodically reset the configuration to its factory default, thus causing removal of the private key and associated identity certificates and re-execution of the SZTP protocol.¶

4.1.2. Reuse of a Manufacturer-Generated Private Key

It is RECOMMENDED that a new private key is generated for each CSR described in this document.¶

Implementations must randomly generate nonces and private keys. The use of inadequate pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) to generate cryptographic keys can result in little or no security. An attacker may find it much easier to reproduce the PRNG environment that produced the keys, searching the resulting small set of possibilities, rather than brute force searching the whole key space. As an example of predictable random numbers, see CVE-2008-0166 [CVE-2008-0166], and some consequences of low-entropy random numbers are discussed in "Mining Your Ps and Qs" [MiningPsQs]. The generation of quality random numbers is difficult. [ISO.20543-2019], [NIST.SP.800-90Ar1], BSI AIS 31 [AIS31], BCP 106 [RFC4086], and others offer valuable guidance in this area.¶

This private key SHOULD be protected as well as the built-in private key associated with the SZTP-client's initial device identity certificate (e.g., the IDevID from [Std-802.1AR-2018]).¶

In cases where it is not possible to generate a new private key that is protected as well as the built-in private key, it is RECOMMENDED to reuse the built-in private key rather than generate a new private key that is not as well protected.¶

4.1.3. Replay Attack Protection

This RFC enables an SZTP-client to announce an ability to generate a new key to use for its CSR.¶

When the SZTP-server responds with a request for the SZTP-client to generate a new key, it is essential that the SZTP-client actually generates a new key.¶

Generating a new key each time enables the random bytes used to create the key to also serve the dual-purpose of acting like a "nonce" used in other mechanisms to detect replay attacks.¶

When a fresh public/private key pair is generated for the request, confirmation to the SZTP-client that the response has not been replayed is enabled by the SZTP-client's fresh public key appearing in the signed certificate provided by the SZTP-server.¶

When a public/private key pair associated with the manufacturer-generated identity certificate (e.g., IDevID) is used for the request, there may not be confirmation to the SZTP-client that the response has not been replayed; however, the worst case result is a lost certificate that is associated to the private key known only to the SZTP-client. Protection of the private-key information is vital to public-key cryptography. Disclosure of the private-key material to another entity can lead to masquerades.¶

4.1.4. Connecting to an Untrusted Bootstrap Server

[RFC8572] allows SZTP-clients to connect to untrusted SZTP-servers by blindly authenticating the SZTP-server's TLS end-entity certificate.¶

As is discussed in Section 9.5 of [RFC8572], in such cases, the SZTP-client MUST assert that the bootstrapping data returned is signed if the SZTP-client is to trust it.¶

However, the HTTP error message used in this document cannot be signed data, as described in [RFC8572].¶

Therefore, the solution presented in this document cannot be used when the SZTP-client connects to an untrusted SZTP-server.¶

Consistent with the recommendation presented in Section 9.6 of [RFC8572], SZTP-clients SHOULD NOT pass the "csr-support" input parameter to an untrusted SZTP-server. SZTP-clients SHOULD instead pass the "signed-data-preferred" input parameter, as discussed in Appendix B of [RFC8572].¶

4.1.5. Selecting the Best Origin Authentication Mechanism

The origin of the CSR must be verified before a certificate is issued.¶

When generating a new key, it is important that the SZTP-client be able to provide additional proof that it was the entity that generated the key.¶

The CMP and CMC certificate request formats defined in this document support origin authentication. A raw PKCS#10 CSR does not support origin authentication.¶

The CMP and CMC request formats support origin authentication using both PKI and a shared secret.¶

Typically, only one possible origin authentication mechanism can possibly be used, but in the case that the SZTP-client authenticates itself using both TLS-level (e.g., IDevID) and HTTP-level credentials (e.g., Basic), as is allowed by Section 5.3 of [RFC8572], then the SZTP-client may need to choose between the two options.¶

In the case that the SZTP-client must choose between an asymmetric key option versus a shared secret for origin authentication, it is RECOMMENDED that the SZTP-client choose using the asymmetric key.¶

4.1.6. Clearing the Private Key and Associated Certificate

Unlike a manufacturer-generated identity certificate (e.g., IDevID), the deployment-generated identity certificate (e.g., LDevID) and the associated private key (assuming a new private key was generated for the purpose) are considered user data and SHOULD be cleared whenever the SZTP-client is reset to its factory default state, such as by the "factory-reset" RPC defined in [RFC8808].¶

4.2. SZTP-Server Considerations

4.2.1. Verifying Proof-of-Possession

Regardless, if using a new asymmetric key or the bootstrapping device's manufacturer-generated key (e.g., the IDevID key), the public key is placed in the CSR and the CSR is signed by that private key. Proof-of-possession of the private key is verified by ensuring the signature over the CSR using the public key placed in the CSR.¶

4.2.2. Verifying Proof-of-Origin

When the bootstrapping device's manufacturer-generated private key (e.g., the IDevID key) is reused for the CSR, proof-of-origin is verified by validating the IDevID-issuer cert and ensuring that the CSR uses the same key pair.¶

When the bootstrapping device's manufacturer-generated private key (e.g., an IDevID key from IEEE 802.1AR) is reused for the CSR, proof-of-origin is verified by validating the IDevID certification path and ensuring that the CSR uses the same key pair.¶

When a fresh asymmetric key is used with the CMP or CMC formats, the authentication is part of the protocols, which could employ either the manufacturer-generated private key or a shared secret. In addition, CMP and CMC support processing by an RA before the request is passed to the CA, which allows for more robust handling of errors.¶

4.2.3. Supporting SZTP-Clients That Don't Trust the SZTP-Server

[RFC8572] allows SZTP-clients to connect to untrusted SZTP-servers by blindly authenticating the SZTP-server's TLS end-entity certificate.¶

As is recommended in Section 4.1.4 of this document, in such cases, SZTP-clients SHOULD pass the "signed-data-preferred" input parameter.¶

The reciprocal of this statement is that SZTP-servers, wanting to support SZTP-clients that don't trust them, SHOULD support the "signed-data-preferred" input parameter, as discussed in Appendix B of [RFC8572].¶

4.3. Security Considerations for the "ietf-sztp-csr" YANG Module

The recommended format for documenting the security considerations for YANG modules is described in Section 3.7 of [RFC8407]. However, this module only augments two input parameters into the "get-bootstrapping-data" RPC in [RFC8572] and therefore only needs to point to the relevant Security Considerations sections in that RFC.¶

Security considerations for the "get-bootstrapping-data" RPC are described in Section 9.16 of [RFC8572].¶
Security considerations for the "input" parameters passed inside the "get-bootstrapping-data" RPC are described in Section 9.6 of [RFC8572].¶

4.4. Security Considerations for the "ietf-ztp-types" YANG Module

The recommended format for documenting the security considerations for YANG modules is described in Section 3.7 of [RFC8407]. However, this module does not define any protocol-accessible nodes (it only defines "identity" and "grouping" statements), and therefore there are no security considerations to report.¶

6. References

6.1. Normative References

[ITU.X690.2021]: ITU, "Information technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation X.690, ISO/IEC 8825-1, February 2021, <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.690/>.
[RFC2119]: Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2986]: Nystrom, M. and B. Kaliski, "PKCS #10: Certification Request Syntax Specification Version 1.7", RFC 2986, DOI 10.17487/RFC2986, November 2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2986>.
[RFC3688]: Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688, DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.
[RFC4210]: Adams, C., Farrell, S., Kause, T., and T. Mononen, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Management Protocol (CMP)", RFC 4210, DOI 10.17487/RFC4210, September 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4210>.
[RFC5272]: Schaad, J. and M. Myers, "Certificate Management over CMS (CMC)", RFC 5272, DOI 10.17487/RFC5272, June 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5272>.
[RFC6020]: Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020, DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.
[RFC7950]: Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language", RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.
[RFC8040]: Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.
[RFC8174]: Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8446]: Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[RFC8572]: Watsen, K., Farrer, I., and M. Abrahamsson, "Secure Zero Touch Provisioning (SZTP)", RFC 8572, DOI 10.17487/RFC8572, April 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8572>.
[RFC8791]: Bierman, A., Björklund, M., and K. Watsen, "YANG Data Structure Extensions", RFC 8791, DOI 10.17487/RFC8791, June 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8791>.
[RFC9110]: Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "HTTP Semantics", STD 97, RFC 9110, DOI 10.17487/RFC9110, June 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9110>.
[RFC9640]: Watsen, K., "YANG Data Types and Groupings for Cryptography", RFC 9640, DOI 10.17487/RFC9640, October 2024, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9640>.

6.2. Informative References

[AIS31]: Killmann, W. and W. Schindler, "A proposal for: Functionality classes for random number generators - Version 2.0", September 2011, <https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/BSI/Zertifizierung/Interpretationen/AIS_31_Functionality_classes_for_random_number_generators_e.pdf>.
[CVE-2008-0166]: National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST), "National Vulnerability Database - CVE-2008-0166 Detail", May 2008, <https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-0166>.
[ISO.20543-2019]: International Organization for Standardization (ISO), "Information technology -- Security techniques -- Test and analysis methods for random bit generators within ISO/IEC 19790 and ISO/IEC 15408", ISO/IEC 20543:2019, October 2019.
[MiningPsQs]: Heninger, N., Durumeric, Z., Wustrow, E., and J. Halderman, "Mining Your Ps and Qs: Detection of Widespread Weak Keys in Network Devices", Security'12: Proceedings of the 21st USENIX Conference on Security Symposium, August 2012, <https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity12/technical-sessions/presentation/heninger>.
[NIST.SP.800-90Ar1]: Barker, E. and J. Kelsey, "Recommendation for Random Number Generation Using Deterministic Random Bit Generators", DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-90Ar1, NIST SP 800-90Ar1, June 2015, <https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-90Ar1.pdf>.
[RFC4086]: Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4086>.
[RFC7292]: Moriarty, K., Ed., Nystrom, M., Parkinson, S., Rusch, A., and M. Scott, "PKCS #12: Personal Information Exchange Syntax v1.1", RFC 7292, DOI 10.17487/RFC7292, July 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7292>.
[RFC8340]: Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams", BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8340>.
[RFC8407]: Bierman, A., "Guidelines for Authors and Reviewers of Documents Containing YANG Data Models", BCP 216, RFC 8407, DOI 10.17487/RFC8407, October 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8407>.
[RFC8792]: Watsen, K., Auerswald, E., Farrel, A., and Q. Wu, "Handling Long Lines in Content of Internet-Drafts and RFCs", RFC 8792, DOI 10.17487/RFC8792, June 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8792>.
[RFC8808]: Wu, Q., Lengyel, B., and Y. Niu, "A YANG Data Model for Factory Default Settings", RFC 8808, DOI 10.17487/RFC8808, August 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8808>.
[RFC9641]: Watsen, K., "A YANG Data Model for a Truststore", RFC 9641, DOI 10.17487/RFC9641, October 2024, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9641>.
[RFC9642]: Watsen, K., "A YANG Data Model for a Keystore", RFC 9642, DOI 10.17487/RFC9642, October 2024, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9642>.
[Std-802.1AR-2018]: IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Secure Device Identity", August 2018, <https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.1AR/6995/>.